Current methods for bioterrorism detection and monitoring have limitations, highlighting the urgent need for a rapid, on-site and real-time detection tool as a complementary approach. Biomedical detection dogs can serve as an effective means of detecting and monitoring bioterrorism attacks, thereby providing technical support for early warning and prevention. This article reviews the olfactory mechanisms of canines, analyzes the types of bioterrorism agents and characteristics of their odor signatures, and explores the applications, advantages, and potential scenarios of using biomedical detection dogs in countering bioterrorism. Strategic recommendations are also offered in hopes of providing a reference for the application of sniffer dogs in bioterrorism detection.