Based on a typical on-site investigation of the current situation of grain production in the south, combined with the use of historical statistical data and published literature, the research results were obtained through comprehensive comparative analysis of relevant data. The research results indicated that: (1) The strategic position of the South in national grain production was important. The southern region had superior natural and socio-economic conditions, a long history of grain production, and has made significant contributions to national food security. (2) Currently, grain production in the southern regions faces ten prominent issues: declining arable land, shrinking grain cultivation areas, stagnant total output, diminishing economic efficiency, small-scale operations, fragile agricultural foundations, frequent natural disasters, severe environmental pollution, labor shortages in rural areas, and weak product competitiveness, all of which directly constrained the improvement of grain production capacity in the Southern China. (3) Based on the advantages and existing issues of grain production in the Southern China, this study proposed targeted strategic pathways and specific measures to enhance grain production capacity. The key measures included developing idle farmland, restoring double-cropping rice, expanding the cultivation of ratoon rice, promoting drought-resistant grains, advancing intercropping and mixed cropping, protecting arable land resources, cultivating superior varieties, strengthening disaster prevention and mitigation, accelerating green transformation, practicing a holistic food perspective, and establishing a safeguard system.