Exploring the coordinated development of eco-efficiency and water resources economic-ecological system resilience is a crucial pathway for Xinjiang to move toward sustainable development. In this paper, 14 prefectures (cities) in Xinjiang from 2010 to 2021 are taken as the research object. The evaluation indicators system of eco-efficiency and water resources economic-ecological resilience is constructed, and their development level is measured. It employs the Haken model to investigate their synergistic effects, and utilizes a modified gravity model and social network analysis to explore the spatial network association strength and structure of their coordination. The results show that: The overall eco-efficiency in Xinjiang shows a steady growth trend, while the water resources economic-ecological resilience shows a rapid growth trend, and there is obvious heterogeneity in the region. The water resources economic-ecological resilience is the dominant factor, and the coordination level between the two shows an inverted "N"-shaped trend, and the regional layout characteristics of the eastern region leads and the western region catches up. The spatial correlation intensity of various prefectures (cities) in Xinjiang is weakening year by year, and the characteristics of individual network structure indicate that there are changes in the relationship between spillover effect and siphon effect in some areas. The overall connection capacity is enhanced and the intermediary ability is enhanced in most areas. The net benefit region evolves from the northwestern region to the eastern region. The spatial pattern of the net spillover region evolves to the north with fewer regions. The two-way spillover regions are clustered in the southern Xinjiang region and there is an acceptance or spillover relationship between various regions.