Brazing technology is one of the indispensable key joining technologies in the manufacturing of aerospace structures, and it is widely applied to the joining of components operating under high-temperature, high-stress, and complex service conditions. This paper systematically reviews the research progress and application status of key brazing technologies for aerospace structures, with a focus on the brazing research developments of complex components such as aero-engine turbine blades, aircraft metal honeycomb sealing structures, and heat exchangers. Meanwhile, for advanced aerospace structural materials including ceramic matrix composites, TiAl high-temperature alloys, and Nb-Si refractory alloys, this paper comprehensively analyzes their current weldability research status and major technical bottlenecks in the brazing process. Finally, it is pointed out that the integration of numerical simulation and machine learning technologies, combined with multi-principal alloy design and micro-alloying regulation strategies, can significantly improve the efficiency of composition screening and process optimization for high-performance specialized brazing materials. This approach will accelerate the establishment of a comprehensive technical standard system covering the entire temperature range and manufacturing process, and further advance the theoretical research on dissimilar material joining, thereby providing robust technical support for advanced aerospace manufacturing.