The cluster global time can change in wireless sensor networks due to leader re-elections and node disabilities between two successive synchronizations, which will affect temporal relationships. This paper analyzes cluster global time continuity, using global time change models for the node dynamics. The results prove that defining the global time using the cluster average time (AGT) is more stable than defining it using a single node’s local time (SGT). With normally distributed clock-parameter assumptions, the AGT change bounds are at most 70.7% of those for the SGT’s. The impacts of the initial phase and frequency skew distributions on the global time continuity are also investigated to show that the initial phase variations may strongly influence the continuity. Simulations show that the AGT is more stable with less disabled nodes or larger clusters. The appropriate cluster size is 20-40 when there are less than 15 disabled nodes.

This paper describes a 12-bit 40-MS/s and 8-bit 80-MS/s dual-mode low power pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC). An improved multiplying digital-to-analog converter is used to provide the dual-mode operation. A pre-charged fast power-on switched operational amplifier is used to reduce the power consumption of the pipelined ADC to 28.98 mW/32.74 mW at 40 MHz/80 MHz sampling rates. The ADC was designed in a 1.8-V 1P6M 0.18-μm CMOS process. Simulations indicate that the ADC exhibits a spurious free dynamic range of 90.24 dB/58.33 dB and signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio of 73.81 dB/47.85 dB at 40 MHz/80 MHz sampling frequencies for a 19-MHz input sinusoidal signal.