Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) refer to various synthetic chemicals—such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), pesticides, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), micro/nanoplastics, and nanomaterials—that pose a threat to both environmental and human well-being. These pollutants primarily originate from industrial activities, wastewater effluents, household waste, and agricultural runoff. Anthropogenic CECs are recognized as a new class of micropollutants that contaminate aquatic environments and pose a threat to ecological and human health. Their continuous input from industrial, domestic, and agricultural sources results in chronic exposure and toxicity. Growing evidence of their health impacts calls for immediate and effective control measures to address CEC-induced hazards. This study outlines key sources, environmental implications, and innovative treatment solutions. Strengthening pollution control, treatment efficiency, and ecosystem protection helps governments resolve the water quality challenges of urbanization and move toward sustainable living. Yet, the removal of diverse and persistent CECs requires more advanced solutions, posing a significant challenge.