With the deepening of global aging and neurological disorders having become the second leading cause of death and primary cause of disability worldwide, the prevention of neurological disorders has emerged as an increasingly critical issue. This study employed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to evaluate the causal associations between birth weight and risk of 6 common neurological disorders, thereby providing genetic epidemiological evidence for the early origins hypothesis of neurological disorders.

This study utilized publicly available genome-wide association study summary statistics. Genetic variants significantly associated with birth weight were selected as instrumental variables to construct two instrumental variable sets comprising 7-single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and 60-SNP, respectively. The two-sample MR outcomes included Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, migraine, and cerebrovascular disease, with all relevant data obtained from publicly available datasets on the OpenGWAS platform. Inverse variance weighting was used as the primary analysis, with robustness validation by MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode methods. Heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy were assessed using Cochran's Q test, horizontal pleiotropy test, leave-one-out analysis, and funnel plots.

In the 7-SNP analysis, genetically predicted low birth weight was associated with an increased risk of multiple sclerosis, with an OR of 1. 323 (95%CI: 1. 011 to 1. 732, P=0. 041) obtained using inverse variance weighting. No significant causal relationships were observed for the remaining 5 neurological disorders (AD, PD, migraine, cerebrovascular disease, and epilepsy). In the 60-SNP analysis, the findings for multiple sclerosis were consistent in direction with the aforementioned association and remained statistically significant, yielding an OR value of 1. 319 (95%CI: 1. 006 to 1. 731, P=0. 045) by inverse variance weighting. Although PD showed negative association effects in the weighted median and weighted mode methods, the results of inverse variance weighting did not reach significance (OR=0. 811, 95%CI: 0. 608 to 1. 081, P=0. 154). There were no significant causal relationships for the remaining 4 neurological disorders (AD, cerebrovascular disease, epilepsy, and migraine). Sensitivity analyses for multiple sclerosis did not indicate significant systematic pleiotropy in either the 7-SNP and 60-SNP models; heterogeneity increased after expanding from 7-SNP to 60-SNP, but leave-one-out analysis demonstrated that the pooled effect was not driven by any single SNP.

Genetic evidence supports a potential causal relationship between low birth weight and an increased risk of multiple sclerosis, whereas no clear causal relationships are identified with AD, epilepsy, migraine, PD, or cerebrovascular disease.

The pattern of socioeconomic status (SES) inequality across the natural history continuum of cervical cancer (from precancerous lesions to invasive cancer) remains unclear. This study aims to systematically investigate the associations between different dimensions of SES and risk at various stages of cervical lesions, providing scientific evidence for identifying high-risk populations and formulating targeted prevention and control strategies.

A case-control design was adopted. A total of 508 female patients who visited Department of Gynecology at the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University between October 2024 and September 2025 were enrolled. Based on pathological diagnosis combined with international classification of diseases, 10 th revision (ICD-10) coding, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), cervical carcinoma in situ, and invasive cervical cancer were designated as 3 case groups, with the women free of cervical lesions serving as the control group. Four SES indicators, that is, education level, household income, occupational income, and area-level economic development, were collected via questionnaires. Given that the outcome, variable was ordinal and the proportionul odds assumption was violated three independent binary logistic regression models were constructed to analyze the associations between each SES indicator and different lesion stages, estimating ORs and 95%CIs, with adjustment for age, body mass index (BMI), and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination status as confounders. Multicollinearity was assessed using variance inflation factor (VIF), and sensitivity analysis was performed using multinomial logistic regression.

A total of 508 patients were enrolled, including 74 (14.6%) in the lesion-free group, 213 (41.9%) in the CIN group, 110 (21.7%) in the carcinoma in situ group, and 111 (21.8%) in the invasive cervical cancer group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that high school education and above was associated with reduced risks of CIN (OR=0.475, 95%CI: 0.258 to 0.877, P=0.017) and invasive cervical cancer (OR=0.361, 95%CI: 0.175 to 0.746, P=0.006), but showed no statistically significant association with carcinoma in situ. occupational income >5000 yuan was associated with a reduced risk of invasive cervical cancer (OR=0.332, 95%CI: 0.137 to 0.806, P=0.015). Women from non-affluent areas exhibited a 92% increased risk of invasive cervical cancer compared with those from affluent areas (OR=1.920, 95%CI: 1.005 to 3.668, P=0.048). No significant associations were observed between household income and cervical lesions at any stage. All VIF values for variables in Model 3 were <1.12, indicating absence of multicollinearity. Sensitivity analysis using multinomial logistic regression with the lesion-free group as the common reference showed that the relative risk ratios (RRRs) of SES indicators across lesion stages were consistent in direction with the independent binary models, suggesting robust findings.

The impact of socioeconomic disparities on cervical lesion risk among Chinese women exhibits dimensional heterogeneity. High school education and above is independently associated with reduced risks of CIN and invasive cervical carcinoma, whereas residence economic level and occupational income primarily influence the risk of invasive cervical cancer.

Integration of screening into grassroots family planning systems, implementation of data-driven bottleneck analysis and micro-interventions, and strengthening of community mobilization and family engagement are recommended to systematically eliminate accessibility barriers faced by populations with low education level and in non-affluent areas regarding HPV vaccination, screening, and treatment, ensuring equitable progress toward cervical cancer elimination goals for disadvantaged populations.