As the tenth anniversary of the Paris Agreement, global climate governance has shifted from ‘commitment to targets’ to ‘implementation of actions’. Systematic evaluation of national climate progress is essential for achieving the Agreement's targets. This study uses 217 indicators from 198 countries and regions to build a comprehensive assessment framework covering target, policy, action, and effectiveness. The results show that, between 2024 and 2025, the global carbon neutrality process is characterized by steady progress in target and policy, stagnation in action, and limited effectiveness in emission reductions. Progress in target and policy reflects a continued global trend toward green transformation, despite fluctuations in some countries. The lack of visible emission reductions is mainly due to insufficient policy enforcement and delays in technological implementation. Based on target and effectiveness performance, countries are grouped into four groups: Climate Leaders, Low-Key Achievers, Transition Challengers and Emerging Players. In 2025, 92 countries shifted between these groups, showing pronounced dynamics. This study provides insights into the differences and changes in national approaches to climate targets, policy, and technology, contributing to global climate governance.

Formal methods are used to characterize the uncertainty in the computable general equilibrium (CGE) model outputs to assess the use of the CGE model of China (integrated energy-economy-environment dynamic CGE, TEDCGE) for carbon tax policy issues. Monte Carlo experiment was used for the parameter uncertainty propagation and unconditional sensitivity analysis, using the variance of the conditional expectation (VCE) as the importance index to identify critical uncertainties. The results illustrate the statistical characteristics of TEDCGE outputs and sensitivities of the TEDCGE outputs to 50 uncertain elasticities. The results show that the carbon tax level for a predefined emission reduction goal is quite sensitive to both capital-energy substitution elasticity and inter-fuel substitution elasticity in the production function, while the key parameter for the GDP reduction rate was only the inter-fuel substitution elasticity. Among the various sectors, heavy industry and electricity are most vitally affected by a carbon tax.