The bureaucratic system's mode of imagining the world shapes its governance approach, while its imaginative structure is influenced by perspectives and cognitive tools. Modern bureaucratic governance operates via a rationalized process of abstract modeling, wherein diverse governance objects are categorized into specific orders. In this process, the bureaucracy relies on cognitive tools—notably numerical representations—to simplify complex social realities and to formulate abstract governance rules. Specifically, the bureaucracy achieves order through rationalized modeling, transforming it into a rule-bound machine and dictating its operational logic and behavioral patterns. By classifying objects into distinct categories, the bureaucratic system establishes frameworks for societal operations, demanding compliance with its constructed vision.

However, modeling inherently risks omitting critical information. The tensions between abstract modeling and the complex realities create “dead zones” in the bureaucratic imagination—gaps whereby governance decisions overlook the contextual specifics of the objects of governance. Historically, this issue has been obscured by the technological superiority of the bureaucracy and structural violence. The bureaucracy imposes its rational modeling perspective on ordinary people by promising increased efficiency in governance. Yet, within the increasingly complex governance environments, critiques of bureaucratic failure have emerged, highlighting inefficiencies rooted in its formalistic modeling and lack of responsiveness and interaction. In response, the bureaucracy seeks to refine its cognitive tools to meet the evolving demands and to address external criticism.

Generative artificial intelligence (GAI), as an emerging cognitive tool, offers a transformative potential. Its matching and prediction functions enhance bureaucratic rationality, while its interactive and simulation capabilities enable transcendence beyond the traditional rationalist perspectives. GAI's unique value lies not in replicating reality but in reorganizing and creating new “realities”. As an interactive infrastructure, GAI provides a platform for bidirectional engagement between the bureaucracy and the objects of governance, accumulating knowledge to refine the administrative processes. By mediating mutual understanding, GAI eliminates the need for direct contacts, serving as an imaginative medium that collects, recombines, and generates information. This positions GAI as a generative agent capable of simulating the voices of the subjects of governance and redistributing interpretive labor.

Against the background of the global trends in digital transformation of government, applications of big data and artificial intelligence technologies are fundamentally reshaping not only the organizational structure of the bureaucracy but also its epistemological framework and cognitive approach to understanding the world. Bureaucratic imaginal structures are limited by their perspectives and cognitive tools, but in some cases, changes in the cognitive tools can bring about changes in perspectives and, in turn, can affect the entire imaginal structure. This paper argues that GAI, as a novel cognitive tool, not only enhances bureaucratic rational cognition but also reallocates the cognitive costs through its interactive mediation. Contemporary government reforms predominantly emphasize the technological capacity to achieve transparent governance through comprehensive objectification of the targets of governance. However, this study reveals that rational modeling approaches inherently fail to reconcile the tensions between abstract conceptualization and concrete realities. To overcome the “dead zones” in the bureaucratic imagination, we propose a critical re-examination of the utilization of the cognitive tools within the bureaucratic systems, advocating a partial abandonment of technocratic utopianism to address public affairs. It is only via such an epistemological reflection that the governance potential of GAI can be fully actualized.