Rural industries can facilitate urban-rural factor mobility and rural revitalization in rural regional systems. Nevertheless, challenges remain in rural industrial development, including homogeneous industrial structures, short industrial chains, insufficient digital penetration, and low ecological adaptability. Classifying and zoning regulations of rural industries are often required to reduce regional disparities for targeted governance. In this study, a multi-dimensional evaluation system was constructed to cover industrial foundation, efficiency and potential, according to the framework of 'industrial classification–development grading–regional zoning‘’. A systematic evaluation was also conducted for the county-level development of rural industries in China from 2010 to 2023. Targeted zoning optimization strategies were proposed using principal component analysis, geographic concentration index, and K-means clustering. The results show that: 1) The development index of rural industries increased steadily from 0.443 in 2010 to 0.638 in 2023, with an average annual growth rate of 3.13%, accompanied by striking regional differentiation. High-level development zones, accounting for 13.22% of the national territory, were predominantly distributed in eastern coastal regions, such as the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta, while low-level zones, occupying 8.32%, were concentrated in ecologically fragile areas, including the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Qin-Ba Mountains. Overall, a stepped spatial pattern was formed to be characterized by innovation-driven transformation in Eastern China, processing-oriented value upgrading in Central China, and characteristic resource utilization in Western China. 2) Rural industrial development was composed of three divergent evolutionary dimensions. The industrial foundation maintained steady improvement; Industrial efficiency grew continuously at a decelerating rate; And industrial potential retained comparative superiority with slowing growth. There was a noticeable transition from conventional resource-driven toward efficiency-oriented and potential-enhanced trends. The driving factors were taken as industrial support capacity, digital and marketization levels, and industrial integration. 3) According to the integrated analytical logic of “component dominance–geographic concentration–spatial overlay”, rural industrial space was classified into 9 primary and 28 secondary zones. The zoning system covered diverse geographical units from the Northwest Oasis Agriculture-Energy Synergy Zone to the Southeast Coastal Export-Oriented Innovation Zone, indicating the intra-regional consistency and inter-regional heterogeneity. 4) Differentiated paths were required to promote high-quality industrial upgrading. In primary industries, models such as agro-energy complementarity and pasture-photovoltaic coordination should be popularized to coordinate grain security, ecological conservation, and farmers’ income. In secondary industries, intensive processing and green manufacturing should be prioritized to extend industrial chains and promote clustered and high-value development. In tertiary industries, agriculture, culture, and tourism, as well as digital empowerment, should be strengthened to accelerate urban-rural factor circulation and rural wealth. These differentiated strategies can contribute to the modern rural industrial system. These findings can provide reliable spatial guidance and scientific decision-making references to promote high-quality rural industrial development and rural revitalization.

Land use guarantee is one of the key components in rural industrial revitalization. Accurate guarantee and scientific supply of rural industrial land use is of great significance to promote the spatial governance of the countryside in recent years. This study aims to systematically sort out the evolution of rural industrial land use. Four major modes were summarized and then refined to protect the rural industrial land use, according to the four-dimensional logic of “regional control-resource allocation-industrial reconstruction-restrictive governance”. A systematic investigation was also made to explore the land use protection from decision-making to reconstruction. The path framework was finally proposed for the rural industrial land security, including land use planning, security, regulation, and institutional innovation. The results show that: 1) The national policy on rural industrial land was roughly divided into five stages: land requirements commencement, rapid expansion of land use, dynamic adjustment of land use, strengthening of planning, as well as the continuous promotion, while regional policies focused mainly on the point land supply, industrial integration, and overall utilization. Four major logics were obtained, including the regional control, resource allocation, industrial restructuring, and constraint governance. 2) Land security of the rural industries was mainly attributed to the resource restructuring after improvement, optimization, and reconstruction under spatial planning, functional expansion driven by culture and tourism, as well as the composite utilization after industry integration. A systematic investigation was performed on land improvement, refinement of land management, support of land, and land utilization for rural industries. 3) In rural industrial land security, it was necessary to integrate the land use planning coordination of bottom-line control and flexible adaptation. Accurate policymaking and diversified revitalization strengthened the land use supply security. The land use supervision was also promoted for the classified control and dynamic optimization. Furthermore, the land use system was also promoted for collaborative governance and digital empowerment. As such, the diversified pattern of the land use security was formed for the countryside industry. In conclusion, the findings can fully meet the more complex and diversified land use requirements of the rural tri-product integration with the three industries in the countryside. The effectiveness of the industrial land use protection also promoted the high-quality development of the rural tri-product integration. National land spatial planning can greatly contribute to the high-quality development of the integration of rural industries.