Land-use spatial conflicts can be accurately identified for the territorial space and high-quality development in modern agriculture. Taking Nanchang City as a case study, this study aims to identify the constructive, balanced, and destructive land-use spatial conflicts, according to the relative state of the functional competitiveness. Furthermore, some features were also evaluated to distinguish between constructive and destructive conflicts in the land use. Subsequently, the combination features of the "present type-historical status" were integrated to assess the spatial conflict risk, particularly for the zoning control. The control strategies were proposed after assessment. The results demonstrate that: 1) A shrinking trend was observed in the overall scope of the areas with the strong competitiveness in the cultivation, and the medium competitiveness in the ecological functions, during the period from 2010 to 2023. This shrinking trend also slowed down in 2020. Meanwhile, an outstanding expansion trend was also found in the areas with the medium competitiveness after construction. A pattern of the initial radiation was presented followed by the subsequent expansion. 2) The conflict areas were generally expanded from 2010 to 2023. Nevertheless, the conflict areas on the outskirts shared the fragmented contraction. The number of the highly conflicted areas increased gradually over time. These highly conflicted areas were characterized by the conflicts between cultivation and construction, which were distributed along the fringes of the central urban area. The number of the moderately conflicted areas decreased gradually, where the conflict types were between cultivation and ecological functions, as well as between cultivation and construction. 3) The balanced conflicts were dominant among the constructive, balanced, and destructive conflict types from 2015 to 2023. The destructive conflicts showed an upward trend from 2015 to 2020. There was a higher proportion of the units, compared with the constructive conflicts. The number of the constructive conflicts increased significantly by 2023. While the number of the destructive conflicts decreased significantly. Balanced conflicts also played a pivotal role in the mutual transformation among constructive, balanced, and destructive conflicts, as well as between conflict areas and land-use advantages. 4) According to the current situation of the different constructive, balanced, destructive conflicts and the historical variations in the functional competitiveness, five types of the risk classification areas were defined at the grid scale, while three types of the management areas were found at the administrative region scale. Among the risk classification area, the prevention monitoring area was the zone currently in the dominant position, with the highest proportion of the grid numbers among the five zones. There were the relatively low proportions of the active maintenance area and the guide conversion area. The second and third highest proportions were the mitigation and the coordination governance area, respectively. In the management area, Anyi County, Donghu and Xinjian District were identified as the dynamic area, while Honggutan District, Jinxian County and Nanchang County were identified as the strict area, and Qingshanhu, Qingyunpu and Xihu District were identified as the emergency area. Finally, the conflict control strategies were proposed, according to the different areas of the risk classification. The land use spatial conflicts can be classified to determine the policy direction whether "mitigation" or "guidance". The finding can provide a scientific basis to optimize the layout of the territorial space for the high-quality development in modern agriculture.

Spatial mismatch has posed a serious threat on the agricultural production. The spatial layout of the farmland can be expected to rationally optimize, according to the local conditions. The high quality of farmland can also be obtained for the food security in the sustainable agriculture. However, only a few studies have been focused on the optimization of the spatial layout in the farmland-orchard mismatch areas. It is still lacking on the landscape pattern of the farmland at the time of the replacement. This study aims to implement the quantitative analysis of the landscape pattern before and after optimization. A case study was also taken from the farmland-orchard mismatch area in Southeast of Jiangxi province, China. The recoverable orchard was incorporated into the object of the layout optimization and replacement. The current problem of farmland-orchard mismatch was solved to optimize the layout, according to the logic of the identification-screening-replacement. A framework was then constructed in the farmland-orchard areas. The game theory combination empowerment, GIS spatial analysis and the landscape pattern index were finally utilized to optimize the layout of the farmland-orchard mismatch area. The results show that: 1) The total area of characteristically disadvantaged land in the study area was 3 332.33 hm², with the fewer Ⅰ class land. Among them, the highest proportion of Ⅲ class land in farmland was 33.99%, while the highest proportion of Ⅳ class land in the recoverable orchard was 25.89%; There was the great increase in the areas of Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ class farmland after the layout optimization. While there was the decrease in the areas of Ⅳ, Ⅴ, and Ⅵ class farmland. The average class of farmland was improved by 0.63, indicating the high quality level of farmland; 2) The study areas were delineated by the preliminary transfer area of 6 253.04 hm² of farmland, the remediation area of 2 914.30 hm², and the final transfer area of 3 338.74 hm². According to the area balance, 3 341.38 hm² of the replacement area was designated from 3 511.37 hm² of farmland; 3) The farmland landscape pattern was improved after the optimization. There was the great increase in the degree of farmland contiguity, regularity and aggregation, whereas, the degree of finesse was reduced. The farming conditions were also promoted for the economic benefits. At the same time, the number of the sloping farmland above 6° was reduced, whereas, there was the increase in the area of orchard above 6°. The water retention capacity of the farmland was improved to fully utilize the soil/water conservation and erosion control of the fruit tree, indicating the high ecological benefits. 4) The spatial layout of the farmland-orchard mismatch area should be optimized with the local conditions and decision making on the development needs of each subregion. The finding can provide a strong reference to protect the regional farmland, food security and high-quality development. A typical sample can be obtained for the layout optimization of farmland-orchard mismatch areas.