To meet the operational criteria for mechanical transplanting of young seedlings in paddy-straw-made bowl-seedling trays, a new seedling needle and seedling pushing device have been developed. This paper presents the design process and analyzes the effects of key parameters, including the angle of inclination of flat edge, width of flat edge, length of flat edge, wedge angle, and width of seedling pushing device for new seedling needle and seedling pushing device. Optimization parameters of new seedling needle and seedling pushing device have been validated by orthogonal experiments. The optimized values, such as a flat edge inclination angle of 35°, a flat edge width of 10 mm, a flat edge length of 64 mm, a wedge angle of 60°, and a seedling-pushing device width of 8 mm, satisfy the operational requirements for mechanically transplanting young seedlings in paddy-straw-made bowl seedling trays. The results demonstrate significant improvements in transplanting efficiency within Chinese agricultural systems.

In mountainous and hilly areas, the tip pruning and flower removal operations for broad-leaved tall-stemmed plants are labor-intensive tasks. It is vital for reducing labor costs of broad-leaved tall-stemmed plants to mechanize this operation. To deal with this problem, a tip pruning device which utilizes an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) as a carrier to autonomously locate and target broad-leaved tall-stemmed plants is designed in this paper. Firstly, the primary mechanical properties of broad-leaved tall-stemmed plants at full bloom are explored, laying the groundwork for subsequent device design (tobacco is the primary crop studied). Then, the shape and key parameters of the cutting tool for the UAV-mounted tip pruning device, as well as the key parameters of the rhomboid retractable component, are defined based on dynamic analysis, which satisfy demand for the tip pruning device operation. Finally, an adaptive control system for the tip pruning device is developed. The optimization experiments of operational parameters indicate that when the UAV travels at a speed of 0.8 m/s and the tip pruning blade rotates at 1200 r/min, the tip pruning integrity rate exceeds 98.2%, which shows excellent operational performance and the ability to meet actual production demands. This study has significant implications for improving the mechanization and intelligence of tip pruning and flower picking operations in high stem plants.

Machine transplanting, as an advanced production technology, is widely used for rice cultivation. However, the transplanted rice seedlings may float over and die under the stress of external force in extreme windy weather. In order to reveal the mechanism of floating rice seedlings, it is vital to investigate their force characteristics. In this study, steady-state simulations of the flow around the rice seedlings are conducted. It is found that the drag force of rice seedlings is generated by the positive pressure of the windward side and the negative pressure of the leeward side. Both the drag force and the moment are proportional to the square of wind speed, regardless of the wind direction angle or the inclined angle of rice seedlings. The drag force coefficient exhibits a complex pattern with the wind direction angle, but decreases as the inclined angle increases. The moment arm of the drag force initially increases and then decreases with increasing wind direction angles, while it decreases with larger inclined angles. It indicates that the variation in wind direction angle may increase the risk of lodging in rice seedlings, whereas the inclined angle does not have such an effect. The results of this study provide a valuable reference for preventing the floating of rice seedlings.