In this study, AlSi10Mg alloy was prepared by selective laser melting (SLM) first, and then subjected to stress relieved annealing treatment. The microstructures of the alloy were analyzed by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technology. To understand the influence of coupling effects on the mechanical behavior of AlSi10Mg alloy under wide strain rates and wide temperatures, the mechanical behavior of the alloy under extreme conditions (high and low temperatures, high strain-rate) were analyzed by universal testing machine with an environmental chamber and split Hopkinson pressure bar. The results show that AlSi10Mg alloy possesses fine cellular dendritic microstructure, mainly including α-Al and Si phases, and annealing treatment can result in the discontinuous distribution of eutectic Si particles. AlSi10Mg alloy displays strain-rate strengthening effect under room temperature condition at 0.002–4 800 s⁻¹, and has different strain-rate sensitivity in different strain-rate ranges. The material has higher yield strength and flow stress at 173 K. When the strain-rate is 0.002 s⁻¹, the SLM AlSi10Mg alloy has different temperature sensitivities in different temperature ranges. The alloy does not have temperature sensitivity in the range of 173–243 K; the material exhibits temperature sensitivity ranging from 293 K to 573 K, and the softening effect due to temperature on the material intensifies with increasing temperature. Based on the J-C constitutive model, a modified J-C constitutive model expressed by piecewise functions is constructed and the experimental results are fitted. In addition, experimental verification was conducted on the modified J-C constitutive model, and the predicted results are basically consistent with the experimental results. Within the scope of the study, the modified J-C constitutive model effectively reflects the mechanical behavior of the alloy at high and low temperatures and under different strain-rate.