To address the issue of brittleness and cracking in ordinary concrete speed bumps, this study proposes a modified rubber-steel fiber concrete material. Rubber particles were treated with KH560 solution, silica fume, and NaOH solution, and modified rubber-steel fiber concrete specimens were prepared. The study include compressive strength tests, full-field surface strain analysis, failure mode assessment, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis. The results indicate that the compressive strength of rubber-steel fiber concrete decreases gradually with an increasing rubber particles volume fraction. At 5% and 10% rubber content, all three modification methods enhanced compressive strength. Notably, silica-fume-modified rubber particles at a 10% volume fraction exhibited the highest average strain capacity on the full-field surface, with a maximum average horizontal strain of 1,900 me and a maximum average vertical strain of −3,100 me. Additionally, this modification significantly reduced specimen expansion and cracking. All three treatments effectively improved the interfacial bonding between rubber particles and the cement matrix.