The abuse of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) and its derivatives may lead to addiction and serious health problems. In recent years, cases of illegal addition of opium poppy-derived ingredients to foods have occurred frequently worldwide. For this reason, countries have generally strengthened the control over opium poppy-derived ingredients in foods through legislation, strictly restricting their illegal use in food additives and seasonings, and continuously improving relevant detection technology systems. This article reviews laws and regulations pertaining to opium poppy at home and abroad, focusing on the application of mainstream detection methods such as physicochemical analysis methods, immunoassays and molecular diagnostic techniques. Additionally, it discusses the latest progress and future prospects in opium poppy detection methods. The aim is to provide theoretical support for improving food safety risk prevention and control mechanisms and enhancing regulatory efficiency.