To ensure the efficient use of resources, particularly in water-scarce arid and semi-arid regions where abiotic stress threatens food security, assessing soil and climate suitability for specific crops is crucial. Simultaneously, food production must align with sustainable development goals by minimizing negative environmental impacts. Therefore, establishing agro-climatic suitability using a spatiotemporal approach is essential. This involves three key steps: first, determining the climatically appropriate months based on the species’ requirements (temporal suitability), and second, establishing the soil suitability of specific plots (spatial suitability). Following this, quantifying crop evapotranspiration allows for optimized water use. This study used climatic and soil variables from diverse data sources to characterize the study area. Subsequently, suitability classes for Portulaca oleracea were determined based on existing literature. Our analysis concerning temporal suitability revealed that June and July are the optimal months for sowing this species in all of the municipalities. Spatially, approximately 30% of the agricultural land use of the study area exhibits a highly suitable class in most municipalities. Both dimensions, the temporal and the spatially, were validated through Chi square (χ²) Goodness-of-Fit test and the χ² test of independence, respectively. Consequently, for a one-month production cycle during periods of high suitability, estimated evapotranspiration values are between 210 and 245 mm. In brief, the study area demonstrates favorable agro-climatic conditions for P. oleracea cultivation in specific months of the year according to parameters used, with potential in a large proportion of agricultural land and achievable water requirements.

Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens Kunth) is an aromatic species of high culinary and medicinal relevance. In Mexico, more than 40 taxa with characteristic aroma and flavor are commercially recognized as oregano, with L. graveolens being the most widely distributed and economically important. Despite its relevance, few domesticated or semi-domesticated cultivars exist, and wild populations remain the main source of raw material, raising concerns regarding sustainability and quality standardization. The essential oil and oleoresins of L. graveolens possess recognized bioactivity, including antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties, largely attributed to phenolic compounds such as thymol and carvacrol. Given the increasing global demand for natural bioactives and functional foods, optimizing cultivation practices is essential to enhance both the yield and phytochemical quality of this species. This study evaluated the effect of organic fertilization (0, 5, 10, and 15 t ha⁻¹ of vermicompost) on the phenolic profile, flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity of oregano oleoresin obtained from a semi-domesticated population across three harvests. The highest phenolic concentration (≈500 mg GAE g⁻¹ extract) and greatest antioxidant activity (ABTS > 3.5 × 10⁵ µmol TE g⁻¹ extract) were observed at the 5 t ha⁻¹ dose during the second harvest. Flavonoid content peaked in the third harvest (480–620 mg QE g⁻¹ extract), whereas the unfertilized control exhibited the highest DPPH activity in the first harvest. Overall, the results indicate that vermicompost dosage and harvest timing substantially influence the functional quality of L. graveolens. Moderate organic fertilization, particularly 5 t ha⁻¹, enhances the biosynthesis of bioactive secondary metabolites, underscoring its potential for sustainable production systems.