Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have markedly enhanced the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs); however, the desorption of SAMs limits the long-term stability of the devices. Herein, Lindqvist-type polyoxometalates (POMs) [V_nW_6−nO₁₉]⁽ⁿ⁺²⁾⁻ (n = 1–3) were incorporated into SAMs. By leveraging vanadium to establish V(V)/V(IV) redox couples, the electron cloud density of the V–O–W bridging oxygens was significantly enhanced, promoting tridentate anchoring between the SAMs and indium tin oxide via proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET). This increased the anchoring ratio from 29.93% to 53.98% while reducing the desorption rate from 30.7% to 5.6%. The robustly anchored SAMs facilitate the crystallization of high-quality perovskites and effectively suppress interfacial defects, significantly improving the hole-extraction efficiency and increasing the PCE from 23.68% to 25.15% under continuous AM 1.5 G illumination. Moreover, the device stability was markedly enhanced, with the target retaining 90.7% of its initial efficiency after 1200 h of continuous maximum power point tracking (compared to 53.8% for the control). This study demonstrates that POMs can effectively suppress the desorption of SAMs and reduce interfacial losses, offering new insights for fabricating highly efficient and stable PSCs.

Solid–liquid triboelectric nanogenerators (SL-TENGs) have attracted a lot of attention due to their high energy harvesting potential in special environments such as rainy conditions, marine settings, and biological systems. This study focuses on droplet-driven TENGs (D-TENGs) and optimizes their energy conversion efficiency through interface microstructure design. Using a photolithography-etching process, 4 types of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microstructured surfaces (pyramidal, cylindrical, square pillar, and grating) were fabricated. By integrating multiphysics simulations and experimental analyses, the influence mechanisms of microstructure morphology on droplet dynamics and triboelectric output were systematically revealed. The results indicate that the cylindrical microstructure facilitates stable air cushion formation via axisymmetric flow constraints, significantly increasing the liquid–solid contact area and achieving an output voltage of 27.2 V, which is 3.49 times higher than that of a nonstructured surface. Further investigations demonstrate that microstructure feature size (optimal at 3 μm) and PDMS dielectric layer thickness (thinner layers enhance electric field intensity) are key parameters regulating output performance. Based on these findings, a self-powered sensing system was developed to simultaneously detect rainfall pH levels and suspended particulate matter concentrations. The output voltage exhibited a linear response (R² = 0.98) within the pH 3 to 7 range, and a synergistic attenuation effect was observed under extreme acidic conditions and high particulate concentrations. This study provides theoretical insights and technical pathways for applying D-TENGs in environmental monitoring and self-powered sensing.