The Project BioShield is one of the three major biological programs in the United States, which is intended to accelerate the research, development, procurement, and availability of effective medical countermeasures against chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) agents. This article analyzes the historical background, organizations of management, objectives, funding and products under development within the Project BioShield in general and the research and development of pathogen products such as filamentous virus and poxvirus in particular. What we can learn from the operational mechanisms, financing, and responses to products is also summarized in order to provide references for related research in China.