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Distance 2-restricted optimal pebbling in cycles
AIMS Mathematics 2025, 10(2): 4355-4373
Published: 15 February 2025
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Let G be a graph and let δ be a distribution of pebbles on G. A pebbling move on the graph G consists of removing two pebbles from one vertex and then placing one pebble at an adjacent vertex. Given a positive integer d, if we can move pebbles to any target vertex v in G only from the vertices in the set N d [ v ] = { u V ( G ) : d ( u , v ) d } by pebbling moves, where d ( u , v ) is the distance between u and v, then such a graph pebbling played on G is said to be distance d-restricted. For each target vertex v V ( G ), we use m ( δ , d , v ) to denote the maximum number of pebbles that can be moved to v only from the vertices in the set N d [ v ]. If m ( δ , d , v ) t for each v V ( G ), then we say that δ is ( d , t )-solvable. The optimal ( d , t )-pebbling number of G, denoted by π ( d , t ) ( G ), is the minimum number of pebbles needed so that there is a ( d , t )-solvable distribution of G. In this article, we study distance 2-restricted pebbling in cycles and show that for any n-cycle C n with n 6, π ( 2 , t ) ( C n ) = π ( 2 , t 10 ) ( C n ) + 4 n for t 13. It follows that if n 6, then π ( 2 , 10 k + r ) ( C n ) = π ( 2 , r ) ( C n ) + 4 k n for k 1 and 3 r 12. Consequently, for n 6, the problem of determining the exact value of π ( 2 , t ) ( C n ) for all t 1 can be reduced to the problem of determining the exact value of π ( 2 , r ) ( C n ) for r [ 1 , 12 ]. We also consider C n with 3 n 5. When n = 3, we have π ( 2 , t ) ( C 3 ) = π ( 1 , t ) ( C 3 ), since the diameter of C 3 is one. The exact value of π ( 1 , t ) ( C 3 ) is known. When n = 4 , 5, we determine the exact value of π ( 2 , t ) ( C n ) for t 1.

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