Capacitor-related energy storage devices with high power density, excellent cycle stability, wide operating temperature range, and environmental friendliness have enjoyed great popularity. However, the relatively poor energy density hinders their practical large-scale application. Electrospun carbon-based materials are ideal candidates owing to their large specific surface area (SSA), affluent porosity, high conductivity, good flexibility, and stable chemical properties. Therefore, this review provides the research progress of electrospun carbon-based materials for conventional and hybrid supercapacitors in recent years. First, the electrospinning technology is briefly introduced, and then the research progress of various electrospun carbon-based materials for conventional and hybrid supercapacitors is reviewed. Finally, the problems faced by electrospinning technology and developing electrospun carbon-based materials for conventional and hybrid supercapacitors are summarized and prospected. It is expected to provide some ideas for developing new high-performance electrospun carbon-based materials for conventional and hybrid supercapacitors.