This paper was mainly concerned with the stability analysis of a class of fractional-order neural networks with S-type distributed delays. By using the properties of Riemann-Liouville fractional-order derivatives and integrals, along with the additivity of integration intervals and initial conditions, fractional-order integrals of the state function with S-type distributed delays were transformed into fractional-order integrals of the state function without S-type distributed delays. By virtue of the theory of contractive mapping and the Bellman-Gronwall inequality, the sufficient conditions for finite-time stability and global Mittag-Leffler stability were obtained when certain conditions were satisfied. Moreover, the correctness and realizability of the conclusion were verified through the presentation of two illustrative numerical simulation examples.