Extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimetic hydrogels have attracted increasing attention in muscle tissue engineering because they can partially reproduce the biochemical and biophysical features of native regenerative niches. In contrast to conventional hydrogels that mainly serve as passive structural supports, emerging ECM-mimetic hydrogels are being designed to actively regulate multiple stages of tissue repair, including inflammatory remodeling, stem-cell activation, angiogenesis, and neuromuscular integration. Strategies such as decellularized matrix incorporation, anisotropic structural engineering, electroactive modification, and spatiotemporally controlled factor delivery have all shown great potential for improving regenerative outcomes in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissues. Simultaneously, growing evidence suggests that successful regeneration depends not only on biochemical signaling, but also on dynamic interactions between cells and the surrounding matrix, particularly mechanotransduction, immune regulation, and adaptive remodeling processes. In this review, we summarize current advances in ECM-mimetic hydrogels from the perspectives of biomimetic design, regenerative mechanisms, and translational applications. We further discuss several unresolved challenges, including insufficient neurovascular integration, limited long-term matrix adaptability, and the lack of standardized functional evaluation systems. Finally, we highlight emerging directions involving bioelectronics, intelligent responsive biomaterials, and multi-omics-guided design strategies, which will be helpful in advancing the development of next-generation regenerative platforms for functional muscle reconstruction. The revised framework further distinguishes mature and provisional ECM targets, compares application-specific material selection, and maps commercially available or clinically advanced ECM-related products to their translational status.

Ongoing miniaturization and integration of electronic devices are driving a growing demand for multifunctional and reliable micro/nano electrodes that enable microscale energy storage and harvesting. This review summarizes recent advances enabled by laser processing, an inherently maskless, precise, multi-dimensional (across one, two, and three dimensions), and designable toolkit for fabricating and enhancing micro/nano electrodes, with a focus on process–structure–property relationships, which are highly important for device and system-level implementation. Laser–material interactions are elucidated by distinguishing physical modifications from chemical transformations, and the connection between processing windows and the resulting architectures and properties is established. Laser processing plays a vital role in enhancing electrode performance, including higher specific surface area, faster ion transport, higher energy/power density, and enhanced reliability (robust cycling stability and strong substrate adhesion). Emphasis is placed on energy storage applications, including on-chip and high-energy-density micro-supercapacitors, where these miniaturized electrodes enable exceptional capacitance and electrical conductivity. Beyond energy storage, broader prospects such as multifunctional electrodes that simultaneously serve as energy storage and sensing components in compact heterointegrated devices are attracting research interest. Emerging ultrafast laser processing and combinational fabrication techniques, coupled with multifunctional hierarchical designs, are considered as effective routes toward micro/nano electrodes with higher performance and integration levels, opening avenues for next-generation integrated devices.