As a critical material in construction engineering, concrete requires accurate prediction of its outlet temperature to ensure structural quality and enhance construction efficiency. This study proposes a novel hybrid prediction method that integrates a heat conduction physical model with a multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network, dynamically fused via a weighted strategy to achieve high-precision temperature estimation. Experimental results on an independent test set demonstrated the superior performance of the fused model, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.59°C and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.23°C, representing a 25.3% RMSE reduction compared to conventional physical models. Ambient temperature and coarse aggregate temperature were identified as the most influential variables. Furthermore, the model-based temperature control strategy reduced costs by 0.81 CNY/m³, showing significant potential for improving resource efficiency and supporting sustainable construction practices.