To investigate the spatiotemporal expression pattern of metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (mGluR4) in the mouse cochlear basilar membrane and its dynamic changes during postnatal development until hair cell synaptic maturation.

Ten healthy 3-month-old C57BL/6L wild-type mice (5 males, 5 females, 25～35 g) were bred to obtain offspring. Cochlear samples from postnatal days 1~30 (P1~P30) were analyzed. Frequency-specific auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds were measured at 45.2, 32.0, 22.6, 16.0, 11.3, 8.0, 5.6, and 4.0 kHz in P12, P14, P16, P21, and P30 mice. Immunofluorescence assay combined with confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to scan cochlear whole-mount preparations. Spatiotemporal co-localization profiling of mGluR4 and synaptic markers Ctbp2 and Snap25 was observed, and quantitative comparisons of fluorescent puncta density were performed.

ABR testing revealed undifferentiated waveforms in all P12 mice, while 70% of P14 mice exhibited well-defined Wave Ⅰ. In P14, P16, P21 and P30, mice undergoing ABR testing, 50% failed to exhibit ABR waveforms when stimulated by 45.2 kHz tones, and 87.5% showed no response to 32.0 kHz stimuli. Auditory response thresholds for other frequencies progressively decreased with increasing postnatal age. Immunolocalization demonstrated stronger mGluR4 expression in inner hair cells (IHCs) versus outer hair cells (OHCs). Distinct mGluR4 puncta were observed at IHC presynaptic active zones (co-localized with Snap25) as early as P11, but showed minimal overlap with CtBP2-labeled ribbons. Quantitative analysis revealed significantly higher mGluR4 puncta density at P30 compared to P14 synapses (P<0.05).

Postnatal upregulation of mGluR4 at IHC synaptic regions correlates with functional maturation. These findings suggest mGluR4 may modulate vesicular exocytosis regulation and exert pharmacological inhibition on glutamate release, potentially influencing synaptic plasticity during auditory pathway refinement.

To investigate the role and mechanism of ferroptosis in cochlear hair cell injury induced by exposure to ammonium 2, 3, 3, 3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)propanoate (GenX).

Mouse cochlear hair cell line HEI-OC1 was assigned to control, GenX, ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), and GenX+Fer-1 groups. CCK-8 assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of GenX and the rescue effect of Fer-1 co-treatment. Western blotting and qRT-PCR were employed to measure the protein and transcriptional expression of ferroptosis markers, cochlear function indicators, blood labyrinth barrier markers, and ferroptosis-related pathway. FerroOrange, Bodipy (C11), mitochondrial membrane potential assay kit (JC-1), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay were applied to detect Fe²⁺ accumulation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial membrane dysfunction, and cellular ATP levels, respectively.

Exposure to 200 μmol/L GenX for 12 h significantly reduced the viability of HEI-OC1 cells (P<0.01), down-regulated the protein levels of glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4), solute carrier family 7 member 11 (Slc7a11), and ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (Fsp1) (P<0.05), whereas up-regulated acyl-coa synthetase long-chain family member 4 (Acsl4) (P<0.01), and decreased the expression of cochlear hair-cell function genes and blood labyrinth barrier genes (P<0.05). These changes were accompanied with Fe²⁺ accumulation, elevated lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial membrane damage, and reduced ATP production (P<0.001). Addition of Fer-1 restored cell viability (P<0.05), restored the expression of ferroptosis related proteins (P<0.05), and improved the expression of several hair-cell function and blood labyrinth barrier genes (P<0.05). In parallel, the GenX+Fer-1 group exhibited reduced Fe²⁺ accumulation, lower lipid peroxidation, attenuated mitochondrial membrane damage, and increased ATP level (P<0.001).

GenX induces iron-metabolism dysregulation and lipid peroxidation, and then leads to differentiation impairment of cochlear hair cells and barrier functions via the ferroptotic System Xc^--Gpx4-Fsp1 axis.