Pesticides are vital for maintaining agricultural output, but their non-degradability and wide applications have raised significant concerns regarding food safety and human health. The development of sensitive and accurate methods for analyzing pesticide residues is crucial for achieving food safety regulation, public health surveillance, and smart agricultural construction in China. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-based fluorescence detection methods offer advantages like heightened sensitivity, rapid detection speed, and operational simplicity, positioning them as one of the frontiers and hotspots in on-site rapid detection. This paper aims to review the research progress on COFs and MOFs-based fluorescence detection methods for pesticide residues in foods over the last five years. First, starting with the principles of fluorescent emission in COFs and MOFs, their design methodologies are elaborated. Next, the current status of the application of fluorescent COFs and MOFs in the detection of pesticide residues in foods is reviewed. Ultimately, the future trends and challenges are discussed. This review will provide a new idea for developing rapid detection techniques based on fluorescent COFs and MOFs for pesticide residue detection.