Pathogenic fungal infections represent an escalating public health priority in China. This review synthesizes the evolving threat landscape, characterized by the concurrent challenges of emerging pathogens and rising antifungal resistance across clinical and environmental settings. It examines the expanding high-risk demographics—specifically immunocompromised hosts and those with healthcare-associated exposures—while analyzing the synergistic roles of climate change and human activities in accelerating transmission dynamics. By consolidating current epidemiological data on representative fungi, this article highlights critical gaps in current disease management. We propose a strategic framework centered on strengthening integrated monitoring systems, implementing robust antimicrobial stewardship, and adopting a proactive, preventative paradigm for vulnerable populations. Crucially, the review advocates for a comprehensive “One Health” approach to mitigate the environmental and ecological drivers of fungal spread. These perspectives provide a strategic roadmap for policymakers and clinicians to fortify a resilient defense against the growing burden of fungal diseases in China.