Probabilistic switching devices, as an emerging class of electronic components enabling stochastic transitions between binary states, offer unique prospects for stochastic computing tasks including true random number generation, Monte Carlo simulation, and Bayesian inference. In this study, leveraging the inherent Boltzmann-distributed output of molecular devices at thermal equilibrium and their high sensitivity to external fields, a torque-controlled single-molecule stochastic switch is demonstrated at room temperature. This device comprises an aminoalkyl-functionalized zinc complex with an orthogonal dipole moment, which is covalently bridged between graphene electrodes. Through synergistic coupling of molecular dipole with an external electric field, an asymmetric torque is induced, driving controlled conformational changes under steric confinement and enabling programmable stochastic switching between high- and low-conductance states. The output probability is precisely tunable via bias voltage modulation, exhibiting the characteristic sigmoidal response of probabilistic devices. Furthermore, temperature-dependent experiments map the free-energy landscape of the molecular probabilistic switch. This insight facilitates the rational design of stable and controllable probabilistic devices working under ambient conditions.

Single-molecule spintronics is an emerging interdisciplinary field that integrates molecular electronics with spin-based information science, offering novel pathways for encoding, manipulating, and detecting spin at the molecular level. This review explores the fundamental principles, advances, and prospects of single-molecule spin devices, emphasizing the manipulation of spin states in various molecular systems, such as single-molecule magnets, spin crossover complexes, organic radicals, and chiral molecules. Due to their intrinsic quantum characteristics and tunable functionalities, these systems serve as ideal platforms for investigating spin-related phenomena including Kondo effects, spin filtering, and thermoelectric effects. The integration of molecular junctions with advanced measurement techniques, such as spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy and electron spin resonance, has significantly advanced the understanding of spin transport and coherence in single-molecule configurations. Furthermore, potential applications of these molecules in devices like spin valves, spin switches, and quantum bits are discussed, highlighting their promise for realizing low-power and high-efficiency spintronic technologies. Despite significant progress, several challenges remain in terms of stability, reproducibility, and scalability, necessitating further research into molecular design, interfacial engineering, and quantum coherence to enable practical applications in molecular spintronics and quantum information science.