With the implementation of the "double carbon" policy, electrolyzers are gradually becoming a core component in the future hydrogen energy market and playing an increasingly important role in the energy transition. The research on the dynamic characteristics and performance of electrolyzers has also become a key academic focus. The previous research has primarily focused on system-level integration, such as wind-solar-hydrogen storage systems, while in-depth investigations into the intrinsic hydrogen production characteristics of electrolyzers remain relatively scarce. Therefore, proton exchage membrane electrolyzer (PEMEL) is taked as the research object, MATLAB/Simulink-based simulation model is developed that captures key performance indicators including hydrogen production efficiency, hydrogen generation rate, and operating voltage. An improved adaptive weighted multi-objective particle swarm optimization (IAW-MOPSO) algorithm is then employed to simultaneously optimize hydrogen production efficiency and rate, aiming to identify the optimal operating temperature and current density under varying working conditions. The proposed strategy is validated using real-world operational data from a specific region. Following parameter optimization, precise temperature control becomes essential for ensuring system stability and efficiency. To this end, the IAW-MOPSO algorithm is further utilized to optimize the weighting matrices of a linear quadratic regulator (LQR), which is subsequently applied to PEMEL temperature regulation. Simulation results demonstrate that the IAW-MOPSO tuned LQR controller significantly outperforms conventional proportional integral derivative (PID) control in terms of temperature tracking accuracy, dynamic response speed, and robustness against disturbances.

Hydrogen energy, as a core area in global energy transition and low-carbon development, plays a critical role in supporting industrial innovation and talent cultivation through discipline construction. Universities and research institutions worldwide are actively exploring pathways for establishing a hydrogen energy discipline system. Based on a systematic study of hydrogen energy discipline development, this paper reviews the current status in China and conducts practical explorations focusing on talent cultivation and curriculum system design. From the perspectives of disciplinary layout, curriculum structure, research platforms, and faculty development, and by integrating goal-oriented analysis, pedagogical innovation, and strategic resource allocation, the paper presents achievements in cultivating specialized talent, advancing technological innovation, and serving industrial development. Furthermore, it analyzes existing challenges and proposes targeted optimization strategies, aiming to provide theoretical references and practical insights for the high-quality development of hydrogen energy disciplines in China. The findings indicate that current disciplinary construction faces challenges, including insufficient interdisciplinary integration, a shortage of practical resources, and a need for enhanced internationalization. Accordingly, recommendations for subsequent construction and exploration are proposed to facilitate the high-quality development of the hydrogen energy industry.

With the implementation of the “dual carbon” strategic goals, the proportion of offshore renewable energy is gradually increasing, raising higher demands for the integration of renewable energy in coastal power systems. In this context, underwater compressed air energy storage (UWCAES) has emerged as one of the key technologies to address the challenges of high proportions of renewable energy in coastal areas, due to its advantages such as large capacity, zero carbon emissions, and stable operating conditions. This paper proposes a configuration strategy for UWCAES considering multi-level gas storage arrangements. Firstly, based on the spatial distribution characteristics of gas storage in shallow and deep underwater areas, a multi-level compressed air energy storage model is established to enhance the operational flexibility of UWCAES. Secondly, aiming to maximize system benefits, a configuration model for multi-level compressed air storage is proposed, which takes into account constraints related to the operation of multi-level compressed air and system power balance. Subsequently, a genetic algorithm is employed to determine the depth and capacity of gas storage in both shallow and deep water areas, facilitating rapid acquisition of configuration results. Finally, simulation cases validate the effectiveness of the proposed configuration strategy. Compared to UWCAES operating at a single gas storage pressure level, the proposed multi-level UWCAES significantly improves the grid’s capability for renewable energy absorption and economic performance. The multi-level gas storage arrangement effectively enhances the regulation performance and economic advantages of UWCAES under complex operating conditions, and provides a practical technical path for the storage planning of coastal power systems with high proportion of renewable energy.

Energy storage plays an important role in establishing a modern energy system with clean energy as the core. In the new power system, the energy storage technology is mainly applied to promote the consumption of new energy, participate in the auxiliary service of the power market and support the construction of grid-load storage system. Firstly, the structure and classification of energy storage are summarized, and the application characteristics of energy storage are introduced according to power side, grid side and user side respectively. Then, it discusses the way of energy storage promoting new energy consumption on the grid side, and introduces the technology of "electric hydrogen production" to promote new energy consumption. Secondly, the construction of grid-load storage and its typical projects are introduced. The diversification of source grid load storage subjects greatly promotes the development of new energy and realizes the maximization of energy utilization. Finally, the development of power auxiliary services at home and abroad and typical energy storage cases are summarized, and the future development trend of energy storage is prospected.