Using the theories of multi-field coupling within a multi-sphere interaction framework and the Whole Petroleum System, this study investigates the formation, distribution and enrichment of hydrocarbon resources, promoting a shift in exploration philosophy from a singular to an integrated approach. By integrating disciplines such as geochemistry, geodynamics and structural geology, it systematically analyzes the coupling effects of tectonic stress, thermal, pressure and fluid potential fields in sedimentary basins and their controlling mechanisms on hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulation. Combined with typical case studies from various basins, the distribution patterns of conventional, tight and shale oil and gas are revealed. The results demonstrate that multi-sphere interactions govern the ordered distribution of different hydrocarbon types by influencing the accumulation process, thereby establishing a hydrocarbon accumulation model described as “Spheres control Fields, then Fields control Thresholds, and Thresholds define Distribution”. This theoretical framework aids in enhancing exploration efficiency and optimizing resource development strategies, providing novel insights and perspectives for future petroleum exploration.