The pore structure of coal plays a critical controlling role in coalbed methane storage and seepage. Based on constant-rate mercury intrusion porosimetry, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance tests, this study comparatively analyzes the differences in pore-throat structures between shallow and deep high-volatile bituminous coal (HVBC) samples from the foreland thrust belt of Xinjiang and their implications for coalbed methane exploration and development at varying depths. The key findings are as follows: (1) Constant-rate mercury intrusion porosimetry results indicate that, compared to shallow HVBC samples, deep HVBC samples exhibit a larger peak macropore radius, stronger heterogeneity in throat size distribution, and a higher pore-throat radius ratio. (2) Low-temperature nitrogen adsorption results reveal that deep HVBC samples have less developed micropores and mesopores than shallow's, with predominantly interconnected cylindrical pores and open slit-shaped pores. (3) Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance results demonstrate that deep HVBC samples contain more mesopores but fewer macropores and fractures compared to shallow's. (4) Shallow HVBC has better-developed micropores, mesopores, macropores, and fractures, along with a lower pore-throat radius ratio, influenced by post-coalification deep burial followed by uplift and exhumation. In contrast, deep HVBC exhibits a high pore-throat ratio under weak modification effects due to deep burial and compaction.