Hard and brittle materials are extensively utilized in various fields, such as 5G communication, aerospace, and electronic power, owing to their exceptional physical and chemical properties. High-efficiency ultra-precision grinding technology plays a crucial role in their processing. Conducting systematic and thorough research on ultra-precision grinding technology is essential to enhance the processing quality of these materials. A detailed description is presented for three grinding methods: self-rotating grinding, double-sided grinding, and grinding-polishing integration, from the perspective of designing and optimizing ultra-precision grinding equipment. Furthermore, research progress is introduced on the preparation, wear detection, and dressing of super-hard abrasive grinding wheels. A thorough analysis is also provided of the grinding mechanism of hard and brittle materials, considering aspects such as indentation and scratch, nano-grinding, and simulation analysis. The control methods for surface roughness, surface morphology, subsurface damage, and surface shape accuracy of hard and brittle materials are also summarized.