This paper reviews the current state of research on structural reliability design for aero-engines. It discusses the recent advances, challenges, and development trends from several key perspectives, including reliability design process reliability metric analysis, the sources and characterization of uncertainties affecting structural reliability, reliability metrics, structural reliability analysis methods, and reliability-based design optimization techniques. Despite notable progress, the practical application of structural reliability design methods in engineering remains challenging. Ongoing research is needed in areas such as multi-source uncertainty modeling and propagation, data-driven and intelligent optimization, reliability testing and validation, and Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE)-based reliability design. The goal is to establish a new generation of reliability design systems characterized by data-driven approaches, model-centric integration, and the fusion of simulation and physical testing, thereby supporting the coordinated improvement of structural reliability, performance, and design efficiency in aero-engines.