Reasonable fabrication of S-scheme heterojunction presents a positive outlook to boost photocatalytic hydrogen (H₂) production and degradation of antibiotics, while facing enormous challenges like rapid charge separation and catalytic reaction microdomain regulation. Herein, we deliberately anchor ultra-small nanodots V_S-ZnS_P with sulfur vacancies (V_S) derived from Zn-metal-organic framework (MOF) onto ZnIn₂S₄ (ZIS) nanosheets to rationally construct an S-scheme heterostructure ZIS/V_S-ZnS_P, achieving markedly enhanced photocatalytic H₂ evolution and tetracycline (TC) removal activity, with a high photo-removal TC efficiency of 98.92% within 60 min and an optimal photocatalytic H₂-generation rate of 5.31 mmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹. The existence of V_S on V_S-ZnS_P, and the constructed dot-on-surface morphology of ZIS/V_S-ZnS_P are corroborated. The presence of V_S enhances the built-in interface electric field owing to the widened Fermi level gap of the S-scheme heterojunction, thereby accelerating the separation of photo-generated electrons and holes. Further, dot-on-surface morphology not only optimizes adsorption and desorption behavior of H*, but also improves adsorption capacity of O₂ and promotes formation of ·O₂⁻ by photo-generated electron reduction, simultaneously expediting photocatalytic H₂ evolution and TC removal. This dual microenvironment modulation strategy offers a viable scenario for conscious induction of rapid transfer of interface charges and regulation of catalytic reaction microdomain, significantly reinforcing photoredox efficiency.

Deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment is attractive for the delignification of lignocellulosic biomass, while unable to circumvent the trenchant demand for the higher-temperature operating conditions. Herein, an electro-assisted DES (choline chloride/ethylene glycol = 1:2) strategy was developed for wheat straw pretreatment at room temperature. The rate of lignin removal, hemicellulose removal, cellulose recovery, and cellulose saccharification reached 68.1%, 60.8%, 95.1%, and 82.5%, respectively, which were comparable or superior to the reported efficiency of traditional DES pretreatment methods. The destruction of lignin by electricity and in-situ dissolution of released lignin components with DES enabled effectively the separation of the full components. Notably, the evolution rate of hydrogen in-situ produced during electro-driven DES pretreatment of wheat straw was 50 μmol cm⁻² h⁻¹, and 4.6 g/100 g lipids could be obtained with Trichosporon cutaneum grown on the fractionated cellulose and hemicellulose components. The electro-assisted DES process offers a potential platform for lignocellulosic biomass fractionation at ambient conditions. According to the life cycle cost analysis (LCCA), the estimated cost of producing hydrogen from 100 g of wheat straw is only $37.24, demonstrating its potential for commercial viability.