As one of the effective methods to solve the excessive density and traffic congestion in the urban center, the underground pedestrian system is widely used all over the world. Due to the irreversibility of underground space construction, it is of great practical significance for the development and utilization of underground space and the planning of pedestrian system to grasp the spatial types and driving factors of the development of underground pedestrian systems. The purpose of this paper is to explore the reasons for the development of the underground pedestrian system. Firstly, through the case study and summary of the underground pedestrian system in Japan, the local development types of the underground pedestrian system in the Japanese rail transit station area are summarized into four types: suture type, attraction type, connection type, and expansion type. By comparing and summarizing its spatial organization rules from five aspects: the form of people flow, the form of entrance and exit, and the mode of connection, the four regional influencing factors of climate, floor area ratio, commerce, and transportation are summarized. This study is expected to provide reference for the planning and design of the domestic underground pedestrian system.