Oculomics, the study of the relationship between ophthalmic biomarkers (changes or abnormalities in the eye) and systemic health or disease states, posits that the eye can serve as a window into the overall health of the body. This concept aligns closely with the ideas of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) ocular diagnosis, which similarly emphasizes the eye as a reflective indicator of systemic conditions. As a burgeoning field, oculomics extends beyond traditional imaging-based approaches to encompass a broader spectrum of ocular biomarkers, including biochemical and electrophysiological data. While retinal imaging has been a cornerstone in identifying structural biomarkers from eyes, the integration of biochemical omics (e.g., metabolomics, proteomics, transcriptomics) and electrophysiological assessments offers a more comprehensive and multidimensional approach to understanding the association of systemic health between disease states. By integrating TCM ocular diagnosis with artificial intelligence, oculomics may offer a more cost-effective diagnostic option due to its non-invasive and economically efficient characteristics. In this review, we proposed a research framework for integrating ocular multimodal biomarkers from the perspectives of ocular imaging, biochemical testing, and electrophysiological assessment, further clarifying the new concept of oculomics. This multimodal approach exhibits significant potential for advancing precision medicine, ultimately improving patient outcomes through early detection and personalized treatment strategies.

At present, some new tongue manifestations with distinct characteristics and high clinical value have not yet gained widespread consensus, which is unfavorable to their research and promotion. This paper representatively explores four types of tongue texture manifestations (liver gall line, bulging vein tongue, concave tip tongue, convex surface tongue) and two types of tongue coating manifestations (cracked tongue coating, white saliva line) among them. It is found that the liver gall line manifests as dark stagnation of various forms on the tongue surface, indicating liver qi stagnation and blood stasis as well as heat-toxin accumulation; the bulging vein tongue is characterized by clearly raised blood vessels on the tongue surface, suggesting blood stasis due to yang deficiency or cold congelation; the concave tip tongue is characterized by a depressed tip, indicating an abnormal tongue frenulum or malnutrition of heart, lung, and kidney; the convex surface tongue features a broad and thick tongue body with an overall "convex" shape, which is observed in healthy individuals or suggests qi movement disorder and spleen and stomach stagnation; the cracked tongue coating is characterized by cracks only on the tongue coating, indicating qi deficiency with disordered fluid or yin consumption due to intense heat; the white saliva line presents as strip-like white foam bands on the tongue margin, suggesting liver qi stagnation and dampness stagnancy due to spleen deficiency. No consensus exists regarding issues such as naming and description, reflecting the necessity of expanding and standardizing the theory of tongue diagnosis. This paper aims to emphasize the value and standardization of such new tongue manifestations, enrich the theoretical system of tongue diagnosis in traditional Chinese medicine, and provide novel insights and reference basis for clinical syndrome differentiation.