To fully exploit the mechanical performance of corrugated steel-concrete composite plate, this paper proposes a prestressed corrugated steel-concrete composite plate structure. Based on the validation of the accuracy of numerical models using experimental results, different types of composite plate were analyzed and compared for their mechanical performance. The loading process and failure mode of the structure were studied to clarify the mechanism of the upper corrugated steel plate and prestressing in the composite plate, in which the combination of the two significantly improved the elastic working range and failure resistance of the composite plates. Additionally, the mechanical properties of prestressed double-layer corrugated steel-concrete (PSCS) composite plates are studied. The results show that: the type of corrugated steel plate, the thickness of core concrete, the spacing of studs and the prestress level have a significant influence on the anti-sliding ability and anti-damage ability of PSCS composite plates, among which the thickness of core concrete and the waveform of corrugated steel plate have a more obvious influence. Appropriate prestress level can better exert the mechanical characteristics of PSCS composite plates. The results of this study provide useful reference and guidance for the design and optimization of prestressed corrugated steel-concrete composite structures.