With the gradual increase of space exploration tasks and the increasing tension of space channel spectrum resources, the traditional Gardner timing synchronization algorithm can no longer meet the demand of high throughput and high reliability of high-speed data transmission system. In order to improve the throughput and increase the correctable error range of Gardner timing synchronization algorithm, a high-speed parallel Gardner algorithm was proposed. To ensure the interpolation accuracy and reduce the multiplier consumption, a parallel piecewise parabolic interpolation filter was designed. To facilitate the parallel pipeline design and optimal sampling point selection, a counting module and a timing cache adjustment module were built. To improve the equivalent throughput rate, the pipelined parallel loop filter structure and the pipelined parallel numerically controlled oscillator structure were reconstructed. Results show that the equivalent throughput rate of the algorithm can reach 1739.13 Msps, the digital signal processor resource consumption can be reduced by 44%, and the timing error of 2 × 10^-3 can be corrected.