Dual-ion batteries (DIBs) usually use carbon-based materials as electrodes, showing advantages in high operating voltage, potential low cost, and environmental friendliness. Different from conventional “rocking chair” type secondary batteries, DIBs perform a unique working mechanism, which employ both cation and anion taking part in capacity contribution at an anode and a cathode, respectively, during electrochemical reactions. Graphite has been identified as a suitable cathode material for anion intercalation at high voltages (> 4.8 V) with fast reaction kinetics. However, the development of DIBs is being hindered by dynamic mismatch between a cathode and an anode due to sluggish Li⁺ diffusion at a high rate. Herein, we prepared phyllostachys edulis derived carbon (PEC) through microstructure regulation strategy and investigated the carbonized temperature effect, which effectively tailored the rich short-range ordered graphite microdomains and disordered amorphous regions, as well as a unique nano-pore hierarchical structure. The pore size distribution of nano-pores was concentrated in 0.5–5 nm, providing suitable channels for rapid Li⁺ transportation. It was found that PEC-500 (carbonized at 500 ℃) achieved a high capacity of 436 mAh·g^–1 at 300 mA·g^–1 and excellent rate performance (maintaining a high capacity of 231 mAh·g^–1 at 3 A·g^–1). The assembled dual-carbon PEC-500||graphite full battery delivered 114 mAh·g^–1 at 10 C with 96% capacity retention after 3000 cycles and outstanding rate capability, providing 74 mAh·g^–1 at 50 C.