The high-value conversion of agricultural waste is a key strategy for green chemistry to mitigate resource depletion and environmental pollution. Silver-graphene nanocomposites, with excellent catalytic activity and structural stability, act as an ideal material system for efficient conversion and resource utilization of agricultural waste. Herein, bioactive components (α-helical protein fractions, triterpenoids) from jujube residue interact with Ag⁺ and graphene oxide through electrostatic interactions, π-π* conjugation and bridging effects. Through photon sintering-mediated modification, morphologically controllable jujube residue-silver/reduced graphene oxide (j-Ag/rGO) nanocomposites were successfully fabricated. Under photon sintering conditions of 250 V and 40 ms, the as-prepared j-Ag/rGO showed superior antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (MIC=25 μg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC=12.5 μg/mL). It also exhibits high catalytic performance for 4-nitrophenol reduction with a rate constant of 1.65 ± 0.02 min^-1 (R² = 0.999). Transmission electron microscopy three-dimensional reconstruction and computational simulations revealed the intrinsic regulation mechanism: photon irradiation optimized Ag nanoparticle dispersion, induced lattice defects and single-crystal evolution, and strengthened Ag-rGO interfacial interactions, thereby exposing active sites, accelerating charge transfer, and enhancing antibacterial and catalytic properties. This work provides a low-cost and precisely tunable strategy for the recycling of agricultural waste and the development of multifunctional nanomaterials.

The selective hydrogenation of nitroaromatics faces challenges such as low selectivity and rapid deactivation of noble metal catalysts. In this study, 2–4 nm palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) were uniformly loaded into an amino-functionalized ionic metal-organic framework (IMOF) via an ion-exchange method, followed by post-modification with electron-withdrawing fluorine atoms. The introduced fluorine atoms effectively modulated the electronic states of Pd NPs and optimized the adsorption of polar functional groups on the catalyst surface, thereby significantly suppressing over-hydrogenation side reactions. The optimized Pd@IMOF-F catalyst achieved 99% conversion and > 99% selectivity in the hydrogenation of 4-nitrostyrene, with stable performance maintained over seven catalytic cycles. This work provides a novel strategy for precisely regulating the electronic states and local environments of catalytic active centers, offering significant theoretical and practical insights for the design of green chemistry and sustainable catalytic systems.