Traditional physics-based models of lithium-ion batteries rely on complete and high-precision charge/discharge datasets that restrict their applicability in electric vehicle scenarios where charging data are often incomplete and operating conditions are highly dynamic. To overcome this limitation, an impedance-informed dual-tank model for degradation analysis and capacity estimation is proposed. By integrating the experimentally obtained state-of-charge (SOC)-dependent impedance characteristics into the dual-tank framework, the model accurately captures the dynamic evolution of polarization and internal resistance during cycling. The identified parameters quantitatively characterize the degrees of loss of active material (LAM) and loss of lithium inventory (LLI), thereby enabling a quantitative interpretation of degradation mechanisms and accurate capacity estimation. Validated on ternary lithium-ion cells at various current rates, the results demonstrate that the proposed model maintains superior stability under diverse charge/discharge conditions, exhibiting high robustness and strong physical interpretability. This method provides a feasible approach for quantitative degradation analysis and state of health (SOH) estimation under complex conditions, demonstrating significant potential for integration into electric vehicle battery management systems.

The advancement of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) towards larger structures is considered the most efficient approach to enhance energy density in clean energy storage systems. However, this advancement poses significant challenges in terms of the filling and wetting processes of battery electrolytes. The intricate interplay between electrode microstructure and electrolyte wetting process still requires further investigation. This study aims to systematically investigate the primary mechanisms influencing electrolyte wetting on porous electrode structures produced through different manufacturing processes. Using advanced X-ray computed tomography, three-dimensional electrode structures are reconstructed, and permeability and capillary action are evaluated as key parameters. It is observed that increasing calendering pressure and active material content reduces electrode porosity, thereby decreasing permeability and penetration rate; however, it simultaneously enhances capillary action. The interplay between these indicators contributes to the complexity of wetting behavior. Incomplete wetting of electrolytes arises from two primary factors elucidated by further simulations: partial closure of pores induced by the calendering process impedes complete wetting, while non-wetting phase gases become trapped within the electrolyte during the wetting process hindering their release and inhibiting full penetration of the electrolyte. These findings have significant implications for designing and optimizing LIBs while offering profound insights for future advancements in battery technology.