The overly rapid degradation rate and uneven corrosion remain the main obstacles restricting the application of bio-magnesium alloys. Owing to their excellent biocompatibility and corrosion resistance, phosphate coatings are being increasingly applied to the surfaces of biomedical magnesium alloys. Bacterial infection is another key factor leading to the failure of implant surgery. Since phosphate itself does not have antibacterial properties, its clinical use is limited. In this work, the Ca-Mg-P coating was modified by Fe ion implantation through the MEVVA technology. Surprisingly, after Fe ion implantation, not only the antibacterial and corrosion-resistance properties of the Ca-Mg-P phosphate coating were enhanced, but also its photothermal conversion performance was improved. This enables the new Ca-Mg-P/Fe phosphate composite coating to possess both ionic antibacterial and photothermal antibacterial properties simultaneously. The composition mechanism, corrosion resistance, photothermal properties and bio-compatibility of the Ca-Mg-P/Fe phosphate composite coating were systematically studied. The distribution of injected ions and energy loss were simulated using the Monte Carlo method, and the corrosion-resistance mechanism of the Ca-Mg-P/Fe phosphate coating was explained by first-principles calculations.

To improve the corrosion resistance of biodegradable Mg alloys, WE43 alloys were implanted with Fe, Ti, Zn and Zr ions at the same implantation dose. The surface morphology, valence state of elements, nano-hardness (NH), elastic modulus (EM), degradation rate and in vitro cell experiments of the modified WE43 alloys were systematically studied. A modified layer composed of Mg, MgO, the implanted elements and their oxides was formed on the modified alloys. Since high-speed metal ions caused severe surface lattice damage, the surface hardness of the substrate considerable increased. Electrochemical tests demonstrated a substantial enhancement in the corrosion resistance of the modified alloys via the implantation of Ti and Zr ions, resulting in a reduction of the corrosion current density to 88.1 ± 9.9 and 15.6 ± 11.4 µA cm⁻², respectively, compared with the implantation of Fe and Zn ions. Biocompatibility tests showed that the implantation of Fe, Ti, Zn and Zr ions enhanced the anticoagulant and hemolytic resistance of the WE43 alloy. All surface-modified samples showed negligible cytotoxicity (0–1) at 12.5% extract concentration. Moreover, the alloys implanted with Fe, Ti and Zn ions significantly promoted proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) compared with the unmodified alloy. The results demonstrate that Ti ion implantation is the best choice for WE43 alloy modification to achieve outstanding corrosion resistance and biocompatibility.