Geological carbon sequestration relies on the efficient conversion of injected supercritical CO₂ into dissolved CO₂, a process accelerated by density-driven convection. Yet, most assessments still consider the subsurface as homogeneous, offering limited guidance for the layered and heterogeneous architectures typical of sedimentary basins. Building on this shortcoming, this work examines how stratigraphic structure -- such as homogeneous, randomly layered, stochastic, positive rhythmic, reverse rhythmic, coarse-first, and fine-first formations -- governs the onset and efficiency of convective dissolution. Using a two-dimensional model, this work tracks the dissolved-to-total CO₂ mass fraction and relate system-scale kinetics to plume morphology. The findings reveal that stratigraphy exerts first-order control on both the timing and mode of CO₂ transformation. Architectures with high-permeability pathways near the top, or those with strong small-scale heterogeneity, trigger early convection, promote vertically continuous fingering, and accelerate dissolution relative to a homogeneous benchmark. Randomly layered formations that divert flow produce moderate slowdowns. In contrast, low-permeability caps suppress vertical exchange, favor lateral spreading, and substantially delay conversion; coarse-first formations exhibit early lateral channeling that retards late-time mixing. Overall, the distribution of permeability in the upper reservoir and the scale of heterogeneity jointly control convective onset and dissolution efficiency, providing actionable guidance for formation screening, well placement, and monitoring horizons in geological carbon sequestration projects.

With the aim to explore the effects of fracture surface roughness on spontaneous imbibition behavior, this study investigates spontaneous air-water imbibition in rough fractures. For this purpose, a mathematical model that comprehensively accounts for fracture surface roughness and gravitational influence is developed. Using the Lambert function, a fully analytical solution for the imbibition height during the spontaneous air-water imbibition process is derived. The results indicate that neglecting fracture surface roughness leads to the overestimation of imbibition rate in model predictions. Moreover, the equilibrium imbibition height is significantly greater than the actual values, which aligns with the experimental observations. As the fractal dimension increases, the rate of imbibition height change decreases, and the imbibition height attained within the same time period is correspondingly reduced. A decrease in contact angle and an increase in interfacial tension both amplify the effect of roughness on imbibition behavior. Additionally, both the equilibrium height and the time required to reach equilibrium decrease with increasing fractal dimension. This research not only deepens the understanding of fluid flow mechanisms in complex fracture networks but also provides essential theoretical support and scientific guidance for engineering applications such as oil and gas extraction.