Minimally invasive endodontics (MIE) can preserve dental tissue to a greater extent and improve the success rate of endodontics and has thus attracted increasing attention. 3D printing is a technology that is based on a digital model and uses powdered metal, plastic and other materials to construct objects by printing layer by layer. This article reviews the application of 3D printing technology in minimally invasive endodontics to provide a reference for the application of 3D printing technology in clinical minimally invasive endodontics in the future. In recent years, 3D printing technology has been widely used in various professional fields of stomatology, such as maxillofacial surgery, prosthodontics, and orthodontics. Using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and oral scanners to obtain accurate data on the internal and external structures of teeth combined with 3D printing to construct a tooth diagnostic model and pulp opening guide plate, we can accurately locate the position of the root canal and provide a new method for minimally invasive endodontics. At present, 3D printing technology is mainly used to guide the pulp opening pathway, assist in the minimally invasive treatment of malformed teeth and calcified root canals, and assist with apical surgery in the field of minimally invasive endodontics. However, its accuracy and clinical prognosis still need to be verified with a large number of clinical cases.
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Open Access
Review Article
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Open Access
Basic Study
Issue
Metagenomic sequencing was used to explore the species composition and internal functional metabolic pathway of saliva and supragingival plaque microbial communities in healthy adults to provide a theoretical reference for the biological prevention and treatment of oral diseases.
Saliva and supragingival plaque samples were collected from healthy adults, total DNA was extracted, and a metagenomic library was constructed. The qualified library was sequenced via metagenomics, and the sequencing data were analyzed using bioinformatics and statistics.
The main bacterial phyla in healthy oral samples were Proteobacteria (32.51%), Bacteroidetes (30.81%), and Actinobacteria (16.23%), and the main bacterial species were Corynebacterium matruchotii (3.84%), Haemophilus parainfluenzae (2.91%), and Prevotella melaninogenica (2.76%). The alpha diversity of the supragingival plaque group was higher than that of the saliva group, and there was a significant difference in the composition of the microbial community between the two groups (P<0.05). At the species level, Prevotella melaninogenica, Fusobacterium periodonticum, and Prevotella intermedia were more abundant in saliva samples than in supragingival plaque samples, while Corynebacterium matruchotii, Propionibacterium acidifaciens, and Rothia dentocariosa were more abundant in supragingival plaque samples than in saliva samples (P<0.05). High-quality gene sets of saliva and supragingival plaque in healthy adults were constructed based on metagenomic sequencing. The results of KEGG pathway functional metabolic differences showed that starch and sucrose metabolism, leucine and isoleucine degradation, and arginine biosynthesis in salivary microorganisms were more abundant than in supragingival plaque, while glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and carbon metabolism in supragingival plaque were more abundant than in saliva.
There are significant differences in the species composition and functional gene metabolic pathways of saliva and supragingival plaque microecology in healthy adults. The sensitivity of dominant species in different microecological regions to the identification of oral diseases may be different. In the microbiological study of oral diseases, appropriate samples should be selected according to different diseases.
Open Access
Basic Study
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To investigate the distribution characteristics and functional genes of cariogenic bacteria in oral microorganisms of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to improve the understanding of the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and dental caries.
The experimental group included 10 patients with type 2 diabetes treated in the Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University. The normal control group included healthy oral subjects without type 2 diabetes in the community population (10 cases). Samples of supragingival plaque from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and normal controls were collected and sequenced. Bioinformatics and statistical analysis of cariogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, Actinomyces viscosus and Candida albicans were carried out.
There were slightly fewer cariogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, Actinomyces viscosus and Candida albicans in supragingival plaque samples of type 2 diabetic patients than in normal controls, but the difference was not statistically significant (P＞0.05). The results of KEGG pathway functional metabolic differences showed that the metabolic pathways of D-arginine and D-ornithine metabolism, biofilm formation-Escherichia coli, carolactam degradation and arginine biosynthesis were more abundant in the T2DM group than in the normal control group, while metabolic pathways such as tyrosine metabolism, selenocompound metabolism and pyruvate metabolism showed the opposite trend.
There was no significant difference in the content of cariogenic microorganisms between type 2 diabetic patients and normal control group. The differential metabolic pathways of the functional genes indicated that an increase in the arginine metabolic pathway was beneficial to the maintenance of acid-base balance in the oral microecological environment.
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