Mucositis is a common gastrointestinal complication in cancer patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy, including oral mucositis and gastrointestinal mucositis, with clinical manifestations of oral ulcers, vomiting, diarrhea and pain that seriously reduce the quality of life of patients and even affect anticancer therapy. Toll-like receptor (TLR) are important receptors involved in innate immunity and in the development of chemoradiation-induced mucositis by mediating the effect between microorganisms and the host. A comprehensive understanding of the role of TLR in mucositis is helpful to guide the prevention and treatment of mucositis. This paper reviews the available studies on TLR and mucositis. The results of the literature review indicate that different TLR have different roles in chemoradiation-induced mucositis: TLR2 is an important receptor in the inflammatory cascade of chemoradiation-induced mucositis; TLR4 activation can increase gastrointestinal mucosal inflammation and lead to oral epithelial ulceration; TLR5 agonists can reduce the degree of radiation-induced mucositis damage; and antagonizing or knocking out TLR9 can reduce chemoradiation-induced gastrointestinal mucositis. However, no TLR agonists or inhibitors have yet been applied in clinical practice, and additional studies are needed to explore the role of different TLR in mucositis in the future to provide a reference for the precise prevention and treatment of chemoradiation-induced mucositis.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the most common type of leukemia in children. In recent years, the treatment and prognosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children have improved significantly. However, acute lymphoblastic leukemia itself and treatment measures can lead to a variety of adverse oral complications and affect further treatment. These complications have a significant effect on patients and affect further treatment. To improve the quality of life of children, this article reviews the oral health status and oral health management of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia for clinical reference. The literature review shows that the oral health management measures for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia mainly include oral health education, active prevention of oral diseases, timely oral treatment before the start of antitumor treatment, elimination of potential sources of infection after blood examination and risk assessment, treatment of oral mucosal problems during therapy, oral emergency during antitumor therapy should be carried out under the guidance of hematologists and regular oral inspection and oral care. However, current studies have found that there is still a lack of effective prevention and treatment measures for oral mucositis. As a common oral disease in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis remain to be further studied.

Mucositis is the most common side effect of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. It is an inflammatory disease with an unclear pathogenesis, diverse clinical manifestations and no effective treatment. It often manifests as local mucosal burning and stinging pain in the oral cavity and nausea, vomiting and diarrhea in the gastrointestinal tract. At present, it has been found that local microflora imbalance promotes the occurrence and development of chemoradiotherapy mucositis, and probiotics can be used as an emerging approach to prevent and treat mucositis. This paper reviews the research progress of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of oral and gastrointestinal chemoradiotherapy mucositis, focusing on the influence of microorganisms on the pathogenesis and treatment of gastrointestinal mucositis. Literature review results showed that the occurrence and development of mucositis may be related to changes in the composition and function of local microflora, and probiotics can play a preventive role by regulating local microecology and host immunity. At present, the main probiotics used in the prevention and treatment of mucositis are Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Most clinical trials have confirmed that probiotics have a positive effect in the prevention and treatment of mucositis. However, due to the variety of probiotics and different tumor treatment regimens, prevention and treatment effects may not be observed in some studies. Therefore, the selection of probiotics with high efficacy and safety and the design of the best combination of probiotics and intervention programs are current research hotspots.