Defects in oral hard tissue caused by various factors have a negative impact on the functional and aesthetic results of prosthetic treatment. In recent years, the usage of bone tissue engineering for bone reconstruction has drawn widespread attention. Bone tissue engineering exhibits significant advantages, including the abundance of building materials and few side effects. In this paper, the composition and structure of dentin and its application in bone tissue engineering are reviewed, providing a new way to further optimize its performance. The results of a literature review show that the structure of dentin is very similar to that of autogenous bone. The inorganic component is mainly hydroxyapatite (HA), while the organic component is mainly collagen Ⅰ, noncollagenous proteins (NCPs) and growth factors. Because of its unique composition, dentin can act as a scaffold and/or growth factor source through different processing methods. The deproteinization process removes most of the organic substances and creates a HA-based scaffold material with high porosity, which allows for vascularization and cellular infiltration. Demineralization increases dentin porosity by reducing the crystallinity of the mineralized components, so that part of HA, collagen fibers and growth factors are preserved. Demineralized dentin possesses various regulation functions ranging from differentiation, adhesion and proliferation of primitive cells and bone forming cell lineage. Extracted NCPs, as bioactive molecules, have been proved to play important roles that control cell differentiation, crystal nucleation and mineralization in bone formation. NCPs could be combined with variety of scaffold materials and modify their properties.
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Open Access
Review Article
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Open Access
Basic Study
Issue
To explore the effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the regulation of bone metabolism in a high-glucose environment and to provide evidence for the possible regulatory mechanism of 1,25(OH)2D3 on osteoblasts in a high-glucose environment.
The osteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1 was cultured in 3 groups: ① control group, cultured in low-glucose (5.5 mmol/L) DMEM; ② high-glucose group: cultured in high-glucose (22 mmol/L) DMEM; ③ high-glucose +1,25(OH)2D3 group: high-glucose DMEM + 1,25(OH)2D3 medium culture. The CCK-8 method was used to detect cell proliferation in each group; Annexin V and FITC apoptosis kits were used to detect apoptosis; Alizarin red was used to semiquantitatively analyze cell differentiation; qRT-PCR was used to detect forkhead transcription factor-1 (forkhead transcription factor 1, FoxO1) mRNA expression. Immunofluorescence was used to observe the changes in FoxO1 protein expression and its relative position in the nucleus.
Our analysis showed that compared with those in the control group, the osteoblast apoptosis and proliferation in the high-glucose group were improved, while differentiation was inhibited (P < 0.05); at the same time, the mRNA expression of FoxO1(P = 0.006) was reduced. The immunofluorescence results showed that more FoxO1 was inside the nucleus (P < 0.001). Compared with those in the high-glucose group, excessive proliferation was inhibited, apoptosis was reduced, and osteogenic differentiation was improved in the high-glucose +1,25(OH)2D3 group (P < 0.05); furthermore, FoxO1 mRNA was decreased (P = 0.006), and the transfer of FoxO1 protein was blocked (P < 0.001).
We found that 1,25(OH)2D3 may prevent the transfer of FoxO1 to the cell nucleus, inhibit the abnormal proliferation and apoptosis of osteoblasts in a high-glucose environment, and reverse the inhibitory effect of high glucose on the differentiation of osteoblasts.
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