Cellulose is an ideal alternative material to solve the environmental pollution problem caused by petroleum-based food packaging. Due to the high-density hydrogen bond that makes cellulose highly hydrophilic, it is urgent to improve the barrier property of cellulose. This paper reviews the green preparation methods of plant-based cellulose, and elaborates the measures to improve the barrier property of the cellulose. This paper focuses on some examples of the application of cellulose-based barrier packaging materials in fresh and processed foods. Finally, this paper summarizes the current challenges faced by cellulose barrier packaging, hoping to provide impetus for future industrial production.