Rice-rapeseed rotation is an important paddy-upland crop rotation in China, and the application of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer plays an important role in guaranteeing high and stable crop yields. This study systematically assessed the effects of different types of nutrient inputs on the yield and nutrient utilization of the annual crop of a continuous term rotation, so as to provide a reference to the management of nutrients in rice-rapeseed rotation.

A rice-rapeseed rotation field trial was carried out for 8 continuous years from 2016 to 2024, with 4 treatments of equal application of N, P and K (NPK), and no N (-N), no P (-P), and no K (-K), to analyze the yield of annual crops, yield components, nutrient utilization, and apparent balance.

Imbalanced fertilization significantly reduced crop yields, compared with the NPK treatment, the -N, -P and -K treatments reduced yields by 26.7%, 36.7% and 2.8% in rice and 57.4%, 86.4% and 12.3% in rapeseed, respectively, and the reduction in the number of effective number of panicles in rice and the number of pods in rapeseed were the main reasons for the crop yields reduction. With the increase of rotation year, the cumulative crop yield under -N, -P and -K treatments gradually increased the degree of yield reduction; compared with NPK treatment, the yield stability and sustainability of rice and rapeseed were significantly reduced under -P treatment. In terms of annual nutrient allocation in crop rotation, the N, P₂O₅ and K₂O accumulation in rice was higher than that in rapeseed, and the trends of nutrient accumulation in rice, rapeseed and crop annual rotation under imbalanced fertilizer application conditions were consistent with yields. Fertilizer use efficiency analysis showed that the fertilizer contribution rates of N, P and K fertilizers were lower in rice than in rapeseed, while the agronomic efficiency of N and P fertilizers, and the recovery efficiency of P and K fertilizers were higher than those of rapeseed. From the nutrient apparent balance of the annual rotation, the nutrient surpluses of the soil in the rice season were all lower than those of the soil in the rapeseed season, and the annual rotation of the NPK treatment had surpluses of 135.1 kg N·hm^-2, 49.6 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, and deficits of 225.1 kg K₂O·hm^-2, deficiency of a single nutrient exacerbated the surplus of other nutrients.

In the rice-rapeseed rotation system, the deficiency of any single essential nutrient notably diminished crop yield as well as the utilization of nutrients, and the rate of yield reduction was related to the basic soil fertility level. Under the conditions of this study, the -P treatment had the largest yield reduction, followed by the -N treatment, while the -K treatment showed the smallest reduction. The magnitude of yield reduction in rapeseed was significantly higher than that in rice. Therefore, it was necessary to pay attention to the input of N and P fertilizers to achieve high and stable crop yields, and appropriate supplementation of K fertilizer to alleviate the depletion of soil K reservoirs, in order to realize high yield, high efficiency and sustainable development of the long-term rice-rapeseed rotation system.