As an environmental-friendly renewable polymer material, nanocellulose (NCC) has great application potential and ecological benefits. In this paper, we introduce the structural properties and preparation techniques of NCC, give an overview of the methods used to characterize and modify NCC, and elaborate on the latest advances in the application of food industry. Additionally, we use bibliometrics to analyze and summarize the research hotspots in the NCC field. It is expected that the green and efficient production of NCC and the development of functional composites for different purposes will be research priorities in the future.