As a new interdisciplinary subject that covers many fields in the 21^st century, synthetic biology is of great help in exploring the basic laws of life activities and biotechnological innovations and breakthroughs. Synthetic biotechnology is a new approach to construct engineered microorganisms. It has been widely used to produce amino acids, organic acids, aromatic compounds, sugars, and so on. The yield of target products produced by recombinant engineered microorganisms can be efficiently increased by using advanced modules, systematic design and new genome editing methods to engineer the complex metabolic pathways in type strains, promoting the rapid development of social productivity. In this paper, the latest advances in the application of synthetic biology for the construction of engineered microorganism are reviewed, the developmental course of synthetic biotechnology is elaborated, and its application for the construction of engineered microorganism is exemplified. With the deepening of research on engineered microorganisms, synthetic biotechnology will bring new breakthroughs and opportunities for the fermentation industry.