As the demand for dairy products increases, the issue of their safety has aroused widespread concern. Real-time, rapid and accurate detection of pathogenic factors in milk is an important guarantee for solving this issue. In recent years, the development of lateral flow immunochromatographic assays (LFIA) has provided good conditions for on-site detection of pathogenic factors in dairy products. This article describes the principle of LFIA for the monitoring of pathogenic factors in milk, and reviews the current status of the application of chromogenic reaction enhancement strategies, and new nanomaterials alone or combined with nucleic acid amplification and smartphone technology for sensitivity enhancement. Meanwhile, two major high-throughput detection methods, the multi-line and multi-strip ones, are summarized. We hope that this review will provide important theoretical guidance for rapid, highly sensitive and high-throughput field monitoring of pathogenic factors in milk.